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Successive Approximation Model (SAM)

Overview

The successive approximation model (SAM) is a collaborative model that emphasizes rapid development and iterative steps (preparation, iterative design, and iterative development), ensuring parts of the process can be repeated and revisited for continuous improvement. In this model, feedback is gathered earlier in the design process so that prototype models (approximations of the final solution) can be built, evaluated and immediate adjustments implemented. It is important to note that SAM is a fluid model with a philosophy that “failing” occurs early on and the ongoing feedback and iterations foster innovation.

Successive Approximation Model Iterative Phases

Preparation Phase

  • Essential information is gathered through collaboration with stakeholders, the instructional designer and subject matter experts (SMEs).

  • Based on the information gathered, a design strategy is developed.

  • Main aspects of this stage include defining the scope of the project, conducting a needs assessment, identifying constraints, defining objectives, identifying the target audience, and assessing their needs. Based on the information gathered here, a design strategy is developed.

Background

Project Initiation

Needs Assessment

Learning Objectives

Information Gathering

Stakeholder Collaboration

Iterative Design Phase

  • This phase includes a brainstorming aspect, called the “SAVY Start,” that ensures effective communication and alignment throughout the design process.

  • A prototype or storyboard is developed as a “working draft” so that stakeholders and SMEs can provide feedback for changes.

  • Content organization, general structure of the learning experience and instructional strategies are emphasized at this stage to support rapid development (function over form).

  • Three potential designs are encouraged to move beyond obvious solutions.

Prototype

Design

Review

Savvy Start

Project Planning

Design Elements

Prototype Development

Formative Evaluation

Feedback Analysis

Iterative Development Phase

  • Progressively refined prototypes are created based on qualitative and quantitative data from the iterative cycles.

  • Feedback is continuously gathered, and ongoing iterations of developing, implementing and evaluation are done on the selected design.

  • Three stages are completed: alpha (fully completed project), beta (modified version of alpha based on feedback from alpha stage) and gold (ready for full deployment).

Implement

Develop

Evaluate

Design Proof

Alpha

Beta

Gold

Rollout

Implications for Instructional Design

  • SAM, like ADDIE, can help with overall project management.

  • For online and blended learning, SAM’s iterative and collaborative aspects help align to the evolving needs of students. 

  • SAM helps courses remain relevant and effective by responding quickly to integrate student feedback and changing curriculum requirements.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths

  • Ensures ongoing evaluation and assessment gathering both quantitative and qualitative data.

  • Constant feedback for iterative changes through a collaborative process with stakeholders and design team.

  • The model is responsive to scenarios where change is constant, and development needs to be done quickly.

  • Learner expectations and needs are emphasized.

Limitations

  • The nature of the model’s iterative cycles and requirement for ongoing collaboration and feedback may be too resource intensive.

  • Not as effective as other design models for larger projects.

  • Frequent changes during the iterative process may lead to scope creep, expanding the scope of the project beyond the initial intent.

  • For individuals not familiar with the model, it may negatively impact the efficiency of the project.

References

ELM Learning. (2023). The SAM (successive approximation model) approach to eLearning. Retrieved from https://elmlearning.com/hub/instructional-design/sam-successive-approximation-model/

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Kennesaw State University. (2023). Successive approximation model (SAM). Retrieved from https://dli.kennesaw.edu/resources/idmodels/sam.php 

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Rimmer, T. (2023). An introduction to SAM for instructional designers. E-Learning Heros. Retrieved from https://community.articulate.com/articles/an-introduction-to-sam-for-instructional-designers 

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